Abdominal Ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of organs inside the abdomen. It is commonly used to evaluate the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and major blood vessels. It is widely available in outpatient clinics, emergency departments, and hospital wards. It helps clinicians assess symptoms without using ionizing radiation.

A Barium Enema is an imaging test that outlines the large intestine (colon and rectum) on X-ray. It uses a contrast material called barium sulfate placed into the rectum to make the bowel visible. It is commonly performed in radiology using fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray imaging). It is used to evaluate structural causes of lower gastrointestinal symptoms and abnormal findings.

Barium Swallow is an imaging test that evaluates how swallowed material moves through the throat and esophagus. It uses a contrast liquid called barium and real-time X‑ray imaging (fluoroscopy) to outline the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is commonly used to assess swallowing symptoms and esophageal anatomy. It is performed in radiology and often complements endoscopy in GI practice.

pH Monitoring is a diagnostic test that measures acidity over time in parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is most commonly used to evaluate acid reflux in the esophagus. It helps clinicians connect symptoms to episodes of acid exposure. It is used in gastroenterology and GI surgery planning, especially around gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Esophageal Manometry is a test that measures pressure and muscle contractions inside the esophagus. It evaluates how well the esophagus moves swallowed material toward the stomach. It also assesses how the esophageal sphincters open and close during swallowing. It is commonly used in gastroenterology and foregut surgery workups for swallowing symptoms and reflux-related questions.

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection is an advanced endoscopic technique used to remove abnormal tissue from the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is most often used to treat selected early cancers and pre-cancerous lesions without open surgery. The goal is to remove a lesion in one piece while preserving the rest of the organ. It is commonly performed in the esophagus, stomach, and colon/rectum in specialized centers.

Mucosal Resection is a technique used to remove abnormal tissue from the inner lining (mucosa) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is most commonly performed during endoscopy, where a camera and instruments pass through the mouth or rectum. It is used to diagnose and treat selected superficial (early) precancerous and cancerous lesions and certain large polyps. The removed tissue is sent to pathology to determine what it is and how completely it was removed.

Polypectomy is the removal of a polyp from the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A polyp is a visible growth that projects into the hollow (“luminal”) space of the gut. Polypectomy is most commonly performed during colonoscopy, but it can also be done in the upper GI tract. It is used for both diagnosis (tissue assessment) and treatment (removing potentially harmful lesions).

Biopsy means taking a small sample of tissue or cells from the body. The sample is examined under a microscope by a pathologist. In gastroenterology, Biopsy is commonly obtained during endoscopy or with image-guided needles. It helps connect symptoms and test results to a specific tissue-level diagnosis.

Endoscopic Ultrasound is a procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound imaging in a single exam. It uses a flexible scope with an ultrasound probe to see the digestive tract wall and nearby organs in detail. It is commonly used in gastroenterology to evaluate the pancreas, bile ducts, and GI (gastrointestinal) tract tumors. It can also guide needle sampling and certain minimally invasive therapies.