Duodenal Switch is a bariatric (weight-loss) surgery that changes the stomach and small intestine. It is usually performed to treat severe obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. It combines a sleeve-shaped stomach with an intestinal bypass that reduces calorie absorption. It is most commonly used in specialized bariatric and metabolic surgery programs.

Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction is a clinical term for abnormal function of the sphincter at the junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts and the small intestine. It is used when patients have biliary-type or pancreatic-type pain and other causes are not clear. It most commonly comes up after gallbladder removal or during evaluation of unexplained pancreatitis.

Biliary Stricture means an abnormal narrowing of a bile duct. It can slow or block bile flow from the liver to the intestine. Clinicians use the term in imaging, endoscopy, surgery, and pathology discussions. It is evaluated in both benign (non-cancer) and malignant (cancer-related) conditions.

Cholangiography is an imaging technique used to visualize the bile ducts. It usually involves filling the biliary tree with contrast material and taking images, often with fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray). Clinicians use it to evaluate blockage, narrowing, leaks, or abnormal anatomy in the hepatobiliary system. It is commonly used in endoscopy suites, interventional radiology, and operating rooms.

Cholestasis means reduced or stopped bile flow. It is a clinical concept used to describe a pattern of disease affecting bile formation or bile drainage. It is commonly used in hepatology and gastroenterology when interpreting liver tests and jaundice. It can reflect problems inside the liver or blockage in the bile ducts outside the liver.

Biliary Colic is a clinical term for episodic pain that typically comes from transient blockage of bile flow from the gallbladder. It is most often discussed in the setting of gallstones (cholelithiasis) and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Clinicians use it as a symptom pattern to guide evaluation, imaging choices, and risk assessment. It is common in emergency, primary care, and gastroenterology/hepatobiliary surgery discussions.

Gallbladder Sludge is a mixture of tiny particles that collect in bile inside the gallbladder. It is most often seen as a finding on right upper quadrant ultrasound imaging. It can be an incidental (unexpected) discovery or a clue in evaluating biliary pain or pancreatitis. In clinical practice, it is discussed as part of hepatobiliary (liver and bile duct) assessment.

Necrotizing Pancreatitis is a severe form of acute pancreatitis in which part of the pancreas and/or surrounding tissue loses blood supply and dies (necrosis). It is most often discussed in hospital-based gastroenterology, critical care, radiology, and GI surgery settings. The term is used to describe a specific complication pattern that can change monitoring, imaging, and intervention planning. It is primarily a clinical and radiologic diagnosis, not a single test or procedure.

Pancreatic Necrosis means death of pancreatic tissue or nearby fat due to severe inflammation. It is most often discussed as a complication of acute pancreatitis. Clinicians use the term to describe a specific pattern seen on imaging and clinical course. It matters because necrotic (dead) tissue can drive organ dysfunction and may become infected.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a type of pancreatic cystic tumor that arises from the pancreatic ducts. It produces mucin (a thick, mucus-like substance) and can dilate the pancreatic ductal system. IPMN is commonly discussed in gastroenterology, pancreatic surgery, radiology, and pathology. It matters because some IPMN lesions can progress to invasive pancreatic cancer over time.