{"id":323,"date":"2026-02-28T14:07:20","date_gmt":"2026-02-28T14:07:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/parenteral-nutrition-definition-uses-and-clinical-overview\/"},"modified":"2026-02-28T14:07:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-28T14:07:20","slug":"parenteral-nutrition-definition-uses-and-clinical-overview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/parenteral-nutrition-definition-uses-and-clinical-overview\/","title":{"rendered":"Parenteral Nutrition: Definition, Uses, and Clinical Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parenteral Nutrition Introduction (What it is)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition is a way to deliver nutrients directly into the bloodstream.<br\/>\nIt bypasses the stomach and intestines when the gastrointestinal (GI) tract cannot be used safely or effectively.<br\/>\nIt is commonly used in hospitalized patients with intestinal failure or severe malabsorption.<br\/>\nSome patients also receive Parenteral Nutrition at home with long-term venous access and monitoring.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Parenteral Nutrition used (Purpose \/ benefits)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The central purpose of Parenteral Nutrition is to support or replace nutrition when normal eating and digestion cannot meet the body\u2019s needs. In GI and hepatology practice, the main problem it addresses is <strong>insufficient nutrient absorption or delivery through the gut<\/strong>, which can occur due to bowel disease, obstruction, impaired motility, or surgical loss of intestine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key benefits and clinical goals include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Preventing or treating malnutrition<\/strong> when oral intake is impossible, unsafe, or inadequate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Providing protein (amino acids)<\/strong> to support healing, immune function, and maintenance of lean body mass during acute illness or after surgery.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Delivering calories (dextrose and lipids)<\/strong> when the intestines cannot absorb enough energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Correcting or preventing micronutrient deficiencies<\/strong>, including vitamins and trace elements, when long periods without effective enteral intake are expected.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Allowing \u201cgut rest\u201d in selected situations<\/strong>, meaning the GI tract is not used for feeding when feeding would worsen symptoms or is not feasible. Whether gut rest is helpful varies by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bridging nutrition<\/strong> until enteral nutrition (feeding into the GI tract) can be started or advanced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition is generally considered when the benefits of reliable nutrition delivery outweigh the risks of intravenous therapy and when enteral routes are not adequate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical context (When gastroenterologists or GI clinicians use it)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical scenarios in which GI clinicians consider Parenteral Nutrition include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Short bowel syndrome<\/strong> after major small intestinal resection, with inadequate absorptive surface.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intestinal obstruction<\/strong> (mechanical or functional) when oral or tube feeding cannot pass or is not tolerated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>High-output enterocutaneous fistula<\/strong> (abnormal connection from bowel to skin) where enteral feeding may be difficult and fluid\/electrolyte losses are substantial.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)<\/strong> (Crohn\u2019s disease or ulcerative colitis) with poor intake and malnutrition, especially perioperatively or when enteral feeding is not feasible.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prolonged ileus<\/strong> after abdominal surgery (temporary loss of bowel motility) delaying safe feeding.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mesenteric ischemia<\/strong> (reduced intestinal blood flow) during recovery when the bowel cannot be fed reliably.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Severe pancreatitis<\/strong> when enteral feeding is not possible or not tolerated; the preferred route varies by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<li><strong>GI malignancy<\/strong> causing obstruction, severe mucositis from therapy, or inability to meet needs orally.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intestinal failure<\/strong> from motility disorders or extensive mucosal disease, including situations managed by specialized intestinal rehabilitation programs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In hepatology, Parenteral Nutrition may also enter discussions because it can affect <strong>liver tests<\/strong> and bile flow over time, especially during prolonged therapy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contraindications \/ when it\u2019s NOT ideal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition is not ideal in situations where the GI tract can be used safely, or where the risks of intravenous therapy outweigh potential benefits. Common reasons to avoid or defer it include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>A functional GI tract<\/strong> where oral intake or enteral tube feeding can meet needs (enteral feeding is often preferred when feasible).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Expected very short duration of inadequate intake<\/strong>, where careful monitoring and gradual re-feeding may be enough; exact thresholds vary by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inability to obtain safe venous access<\/strong> or high risk of complications from central venous catheter placement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uncontrolled bloodstream infection<\/strong> or severe sepsis where catheter placement and infusion may increase complications; timing varies by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Severe fluid overload<\/strong> or unstable cardiopulmonary status that makes volume administration difficult (formulation and rate decisions vary).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Major electrolyte abnormalities not yet corrected<\/strong>, because starting nutrition can worsen shifts (e.g., refeeding physiology).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inability to monitor<\/strong> labs and clinical status in a setting where safe follow-up cannot be ensured (especially relevant for home Parenteral Nutrition).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These are often <em>relative<\/em> contraindications rather than absolute; decisions depend on the clinical context, goals of care, and available monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How it works (Mechanism \/ physiology)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition works by delivering macronutrients and micronutrients <strong>intravenously<\/strong>, allowing the body to use them without digestion in the stomach or absorption in the small intestine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Core physiologic principle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dextrose<\/strong> provides carbohydrate calories and is infused into the bloodstream, raising plasma glucose and stimulating insulin release.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Amino acids<\/strong> supply nitrogen for protein synthesis, tissue repair, and maintenance of muscle mass.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intravenous lipid emulsions<\/strong> provide fatty acids and energy and can reduce the amount of dextrose needed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements<\/strong> support metabolic pathways, bone and blood health, and enzymatic reactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relationship to GI anatomy and pathways<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because Parenteral Nutrition bypasses the gut:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>small intestine\u2019s absorptive function<\/strong> is not required.<\/li>\n<li>Normal GI processes\u2014motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption\u2014are not directly engaged.<\/li>\n<li>Reduced enteral stimulation can affect <strong>bile flow<\/strong> and <strong>gut-associated immune signaling<\/strong>; the clinical relevance depends on duration and patient factors.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>microbiome<\/strong> (intestinal microbial community) may change when little or no enteral substrate reaches the colon; interpretation and consequences vary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time course and reversibility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Effects on hydration, electrolytes, and glucose can occur <strong>within hours to days<\/strong>, so early monitoring is important.<\/li>\n<li>Nutritional repletion (weight, muscle, functional recovery) typically occurs <strong>over days to weeks<\/strong>, depending on illness severity and baseline nutrition.<\/li>\n<li>Most metabolic effects are <strong>reversible<\/strong> with adjustment or discontinuation, but complications (e.g., catheter infection, thrombosis) can have lasting impact.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parenteral Nutrition Procedure overview (How it\u2019s applied)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition is a therapy rather than a diagnostic test. Clinicians apply it using a structured workflow that integrates nutrition assessment, venous access planning, and ongoing monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A typical high-level sequence is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>History and exam<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Assess oral intake, weight trajectory, GI symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, pain), surgical history, and functional status.\n   &#8211; Identify conditions suggesting malabsorption or intestinal failure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Labs<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Baseline electrolytes (including magnesium and phosphate), kidney function, glucose.\n   &#8211; Liver-associated enzymes and bilirubin as baseline, especially if prolonged therapy is anticipated.\n   &#8211; Additional tests (e.g., triglycerides) may be checked depending on formulation and risk factors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Imaging\/diagnostics (as indicated)<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Imaging for obstruction, ischemia, or post-operative complications.\n   &#8211; Endoscopy or contrast studies may be part of the underlying GI workup, not a requirement for Parenteral Nutrition itself.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Preparation<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Estimate fluid, calorie, and protein needs using standardized clinical methods; targets vary by clinician and case.\n   &#8211; Select formulation components: dextrose, amino acids, lipid emulsion, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements, and sometimes additives (e.g., insulin), depending on context.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Intervention<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Choose venous access: <strong>central venous access<\/strong> is commonly used for higher osmolarity solutions; <strong>peripheral parenteral nutrition<\/strong> may be used short-term with lower osmolarity.\n   &#8211; Begin infusion (continuous or cyclic schedules may be used, especially in long-term\/home settings).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Immediate checks<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Monitor for infusion reactions, line issues, fluid tolerance, and early glucose\/electrolyte changes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Follow-up<\/strong>\n   &#8211; Serial lab monitoring with adjustments to electrolytes, dextrose, and lipids.\n   &#8211; Ongoing assessment of clinical goals: ability to transition to oral or enteral feeding, weight and functional trends, and complications.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types \/ variations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition has several practical variations based on access, duration, and intended role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">By degree of nutrition replacement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN):<\/strong> Provides essentially all required nutrients intravenously when no meaningful enteral intake is possible.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Supplemental (partial) Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> Adds calories\/protein when oral or enteral intake is present but insufficient.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">By venous access route<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Central Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> Delivered through a central vein (e.g., via peripherally inserted central catheter [PICC], tunneled catheter, or implanted port). Used for higher osmolarity solutions and longer durations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN):<\/strong> Delivered through a peripheral intravenous line, typically for short-term use with more diluted formulations; suitability varies by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">By care setting and schedule<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inpatient Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> Initiated and adjusted in hospital with frequent monitoring.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Home Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> Used for chronic intestinal failure with structured monitoring and patient\/caregiver training.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Continuous vs cyclic infusion:<\/strong> Continuous infusion runs over 24 hours; cyclic infusion runs over fewer hours (often overnight) and is commonly used in stable long-term patients, depending on tolerance and goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">By formulation components<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Macronutrient composition can be tailored (e.g., different dextrose-to-lipid ratios).<\/li>\n<li>Lipid emulsions vary by material and manufacturer (commonly mixtures derived from soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and\/or fish oil).<\/li>\n<li>Micronutrient dosing may be adjusted for organ dysfunction, losses (e.g., high-output ostomy), or deficiencies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pros and cons<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pros:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provides <strong>reliable nutrition<\/strong> when the GI tract cannot be used.<\/li>\n<li>Can be <strong>titrated and customized<\/strong> for calories, protein, fluids, and electrolytes.<\/li>\n<li>Helps support <strong>wound healing and recovery<\/strong> during prolonged inability to eat or absorb.<\/li>\n<li>Can be used as a <strong>bridge<\/strong> until enteral or oral feeding becomes possible.<\/li>\n<li>Enables <strong>home-based care<\/strong> for selected patients with chronic intestinal failure and appropriate support.<\/li>\n<li>Avoids aggravating symptoms when <strong>enteral feeding is not tolerated<\/strong> (context-dependent).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Requires <strong>intravenous access<\/strong>, often central venous access, with associated risks.<\/li>\n<li>Risk of <strong>catheter-related bloodstream infection<\/strong> and other line complications.<\/li>\n<li>Metabolic complications can occur, including <strong>hyperglycemia<\/strong>, electrolyte shifts, and triglyceride elevation.<\/li>\n<li>Long-term therapy can be associated with <strong>liver and biliary complications<\/strong> (patterns and risk vary by patient and regimen).<\/li>\n<li>Does not provide <strong>enteral stimulation<\/strong> of the gut, which may affect gut integrity and bile flow over time.<\/li>\n<li>Requires <strong>regular monitoring and coordination<\/strong>, which can be burdensome for patients and healthcare systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aftercare &amp; longevity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Outcomes with Parenteral Nutrition depend on both the underlying disease and the quality of ongoing monitoring and support. Important factors include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Underlying diagnosis and reversibility:<\/strong> A temporary obstruction or postoperative ileus may allow transition back to enteral feeding, whereas chronic intestinal failure may require longer courses.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Residual bowel function:<\/strong> In conditions like short bowel syndrome, absorptive capacity and adaptation over time influence whether Parenteral Nutrition can be reduced.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Catheter care practices and access type:<\/strong> Complication rates can differ based on device choice, training, and infection-prevention routines; specifics vary by institution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Follow-up frequency and lab monitoring:<\/strong> Adjusting electrolytes, glucose management, and liver-associated tests can reduce complications.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Concurrent medications and comorbidities:<\/strong> Diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, and active infection can affect formulation choices and tolerance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Progress toward oral\/enteral intake:<\/strong> Even small amounts of enteral intake may be used when tolerated to maintain GI function; the approach varies by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Longevity ranges from short inpatient courses to long-term home therapy. In chronic use, the focus typically shifts to minimizing complications, preserving venous access, and reassessing whether any intestinal recovery or alternative strategy is possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alternatives \/ comparisons<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral Nutrition is one option within a broader nutrition-support spectrum. Common comparisons include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Oral diet optimization vs Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> If a patient can eat and absorb enough, oral nutrition is simpler and avoids catheter risks. Parenteral Nutrition is considered when oral intake is insufficient or unsafe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) vs Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> Enteral feeding uses the GI tract (e.g., nasogastric, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy tubes). It is often preferred when feasible because it maintains gut stimulation, but it may not be tolerated or possible in obstruction, severe malabsorption, or high-output fistula.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IV fluids or dextrose-only support vs Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> Hydration or limited calorie support may be used briefly, but it does not provide complete protein and micronutrients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Medical management vs surgical management:<\/strong> In obstruction, fistula, or ischemic disease, definitive treatment may be medical, endoscopic, or surgical. Parenteral Nutrition may serve as supportive care before or after interventions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Observation\/monitoring vs Parenteral Nutrition:<\/strong> In short anticipated periods without intake, clinicians may monitor closely and advance diet as tolerated. The point at which Parenteral Nutrition becomes appropriate varies by clinician and case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A key concept for learners is that Parenteral Nutrition is typically <strong>supportive<\/strong>, used alongside diagnosis and treatment of the underlying GI condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parenteral Nutrition Common questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Is Parenteral Nutrition painful?<\/strong><br\/>\nParenteral Nutrition itself is an infusion and is not usually painful once the IV or catheter is in place. Discomfort is more related to line placement, dressing changes, or irritation at an infusion site. Any new pain, redness, or swelling near a line is clinically important and requires professional assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Does Parenteral Nutrition require anesthesia or sedation?<\/strong><br\/>\nThe infusion does not require anesthesia. If a central venous catheter is placed, local anesthesia is typically used, and some settings may use mild sedation depending on the procedure, patient factors, and facility practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Do patients need to fast while receiving Parenteral Nutrition?<\/strong><br\/>\nNot necessarily. Some patients can eat or take tube feeds while receiving supplemental Parenteral Nutrition, while others cannot use the GI tract at all. The decision depends on the underlying GI problem, aspiration risk, and tolerance, and it varies by clinician and case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: How quickly does Parenteral Nutrition start working?<\/strong><br\/>\nFluids, glucose, and electrolytes can change within hours, which is why early monitoring is common. Improving nutritional status (such as weight and strength) generally takes longer and depends on illness severity and baseline deficits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: How long can someone stay on Parenteral Nutrition?<\/strong><br\/>\nDuration ranges from days to years. Short-term use may support recovery after surgery or acute illness, while long-term use may be needed for chronic intestinal failure. Long-term therapy requires structured follow-up to reduce complications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: What are the main safety concerns?<\/strong><br\/>\nImportant risks include catheter-related infection, catheter blockage or thrombosis, and metabolic complications such as hyperglycemia or electrolyte disturbances. Longer courses can also be associated with liver or biliary issues. Risk levels depend on patient factors, catheter type, and monitoring practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Can someone go to work or school while on Parenteral Nutrition?<\/strong><br\/>\nSome people on stable home Parenteral Nutrition can return to many daily activities, depending on their underlying disease, infusion schedule, and energy level. Practical considerations include carrying supplies, protecting the catheter, and coordinating infusion times. Individual capability varies by clinician and case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Are there activity restrictions with Parenteral Nutrition?<\/strong><br\/>\nMany restrictions relate to the catheter rather than the nutrients. Patients are often advised in clinical settings to avoid activities that risk pulling, contaminating, or submerging the catheter site, but specifics depend on device type and institutional protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: What does Parenteral Nutrition cost?<\/strong><br\/>\nCosts vary widely by country, care setting (hospital vs home), insurance coverage, formulation complexity, supplies, and monitoring needs. Because many components are involved (compounding, delivery, catheter supplies, nursing, labs), broad ranges are hard to generalize without local context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Can Parenteral Nutrition be stopped abruptly?<\/strong><br\/>\nWhether it can be stopped abruptly depends on the infusion schedule, glucose management, and the patient\u2019s clinical stability. Clinicians often plan transitions carefully, especially when high dextrose loads are involved or when moving to enteral\/oral feeding. The approach varies by clinician and case.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parenteral Nutrition is a way to deliver nutrients directly into the bloodstream. It bypasses the stomach and intestines when the gastrointestinal (GI) tract cannot be used safely or effectively. It is commonly used in hospitalized patients with intestinal failure or severe malabsorption. Some patients also receive Parenteral Nutrition at home with long-term venous access and monitoring.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=323"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/323\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastrohospitals.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}