Gallstones are solid deposits that form from components of bile. They most often develop in the gallbladder, but they can also be found in the bile ducts. Gallstones are commonly discussed in gastroenterology, hepatology, emergency medicine, and GI surgery because they can cause pain, infection, and obstruction.
Cholelithiasis means the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. Gallstones are solid deposits that form from components of bile. The term is commonly used in gastroenterology, hepatology, emergency medicine, and GI surgery.
Cholangitis is inflammation and infection of the bile ducts. It most often happens when bile flow is blocked and bacteria can ascend into the biliary tree. Clinicians commonly use the term in emergency, inpatient, gastroenterology, hepatology, and GI surgery settings. It is discussed as a potentially serious cause of sepsis arising from the hepatobiliary system.
Hyperbilirubinemia means an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when the body breaks down old red blood cells. Hyperbilirubinemia is commonly discussed when evaluating jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). It is used in clinical medicine as a laboratory and diagnostic concept in hepatology and gastroenterology.
Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by elevated bilirubin in the blood. It is a clinical sign, not a diagnosis. Jaundice is commonly discussed in gastroenterology, hepatology, pediatrics (newborns), and general medicine. Clinicians use it as a visible clue to disorders involving the liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreas, or red blood cell breakdown.
Left Lower Quadrant Pain describes pain felt in the lower-left area of the abdomen. It is a symptom label, not a diagnosis. Clinicians use it in history-taking, physical exams, and medical documentation. It helps narrow which organs and conditions are most relevant to consider.
Right Upper Quadrant Pain describes discomfort felt in the upper right portion of the abdomen. It is a symptom label used to organize a patient’s history and guide a focused exam and workup. Clinicians commonly use it when considering liver, gallbladder, bile duct, and nearby gastrointestinal causes. It also helps communicate location consistently across teams (emergency medicine, surgery, gastroenterology).
Epigastric Pain is pain or discomfort felt in the upper middle part of the abdomen. It is commonly described as pain “just below the breastbone” or “in the pit of the stomach.” Clinicians use the term to localize symptoms and narrow the differential diagnosis. It is discussed frequently in gastroenterology, hepatology, emergency care, and primary care.
Abdominal Pain is discomfort or pain felt between the lower ribs and the pelvis. It is a symptom, not a diagnosis, and it can arise from digestive, urinary, reproductive, vascular, or abdominal wall causes. Clinicians use it as a starting point to describe a patient’s complaint and guide evaluation. It is also used in teaching and documentation to localize disease and track changes over time.
Flatulence is the passage of intestinal gas through the rectum and anal canal. In plain terms, it is “passing gas” or “farting.” In clinical settings, Flatulence is discussed as a symptom related to digestion, gut motility, and the intestinal microbiome. It is commonly described alongside bloating, abdominal discomfort, and changes in bowel habits.